PHG is characterized by vascular ectasia, which appears as a mosaic-like pattern of gastric mucosa on endoscopy[58,59].
PHG的特点是血管扩张，在内镜[58,59]上呈胃黏膜马赛克样模式。
The reported prevalence of PHG ranges from 20%-98% in patients with known cirrhosis[59-62].
据报道，在已知肝硬化患者中，PHG的患病率为20%-98%[59-62]。
Studies have shown an increased prevalence in patients with high CTP scores, EV, or history of treatment for EV (sclerotherapy or ligation)[60,61].
研究表明，在高CTP评分、EV或有EV（硬化治疗或结扎）[60,61]治疗史的患者中，患病率增加。
PHG is thought to be a direct consequence of passive congestion induced by increased portal pressure because it does not develop in the absence of established PH.
PHG被认为是由门静脉压力增加引起的被动充血的直接结果，因为它不会在没有已建立的PH的情况下发生。
A direct correlation between portal pressure values and severity of PHG remains to be demonstrated[63,64].
门脉压力值与PHG严重程度之间的直接相关性仍有待证实。
The incidence of acute PHG related bleeding varies between 2%-12%[60,61].
急性PHG相关出血的发生率在2%-12%的[60,61]之间变化。
NSBB, octreotide, and terlipressin are effective in the initial treatment of PHG with reported rates of hemostasis between 93%-100%[65,66].
NSBB、奥曲肽和特利加压素在PHG的初始治疗中有效，据报道的止血率在93%-100%[65,66]之间。
Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation, sclerotherapy, and coagulation therapy with the heater probe may be considered with focal bleeding.
内镜下氩血浆凝血、硬化治疗和使用加热器探头的凝血治疗可考虑伴有局灶性出血。
Antioxidants like vitamin E, thalidomide, and prednisolone have also been used to treat acute PHG bleeding, with anecdotal success in case reports[67,68].
抗氧化剂如维生素E、沙利度胺和泼尼松龙也被用于治疗急性PHG出血，在病例报告[67,68]中获得了成功。
After the resolution of the episode of acute bleeding, propranolol should be initiated as secondary prophylaxis.
在急性出血发作解决后，应开始使用普萘洛尔作为二级预防。
The published evidence for TIPS in the management of PHG is limited to a few case reports[69-71].
已发表的TIPS在PHG管理中的证据仅限于少数病例报告[69-71]。
Current evidence suggests that TIPS reduces the severity of PHG, ameliorates mucosal lesions, and could be considered in patients with transfusion-dependent PHG when pharmacological measures and endoscopic interventions fail.
目前的证据表明，TIPS可降低PHG的严重程度，改善黏膜病变，当药物措施和内镜干预失败时，可考虑治疗输血依赖的PHG患者。
It is important to differentiate PHG from gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) as the latter can be seen in patients with and without PH or cirrhosis.
区分PHG与胃窦血管扩张症(GAVE)是很重要的，因为后者可以在有无PH或肝硬化的患者中看到。
GAVE has a characteristic endoscopic appearance but can co-exist with PHG[72,73].
GAVE具有典型的内镜外观，但可与PHG[72,73]共存。
TIPS does not have a role in the management of bleeding solely from GAVE.
TIPS仅在GAVE出血的治疗中不起作用。
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