名词
Venous malformations are the result of errors in endothelial cell morphogenesis, causing disorganized angiogenesis and intimal smooth muscle proliferation.
静脉畸形是内皮细胞形态发生错误的结果，导致血管生成紊乱和内膜平滑肌增殖【1】。
This results in the formation of dilated networks of venous lakes that are hemodynamically nonfunctional.
Depending on location, they may go unnoticed for years prior to presentation, and range from asymptomatic superficial varicosities to large deforming craniofacial lesions.
根据位置的不同，它们可能在出现前数年未被发现，从无症状的浅表静脉曲张到大的畸形性颅面病变。
Recurrent or chronic pain and swelling is often the presenting symptomatology.
复发性或慢性疼痛和肿胀通常是主要临床症状。
Thrombus formation within a venous malformation may initiate an inflammatory response along with swelling which may cause pain and mass effect on adjacent structures such as nerves.
静脉畸形内的血栓形成可能引发炎症反应和肿胀，从而对造成神经疼痛和邻近结构的肿块影响【3】。
The initial diagnosis may often be achieved on physical examination alone, with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging used to reveal the extent of interaction with surrounding structures as well as for procedural planning.
最初的诊断通常可以仅通过体格检查来实现，超声和磁共振成像用于揭示与周围结构的相互作用程度，以及治疗计划的制定。
Treatment modalities include systemic targeted drugs, open surgery, sclerotherapy, cryoablation, and laser photocoagulation.
治疗方式包括全身靶向药物、开放手术、硬化治疗、冷冻消融和激光光凝。
Given the variability, risks with therapy, and various treatment options, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary.
考虑到其可变性、治疗的风险和各种治疗选择，多学科的方法是必要的。
This article discusses the current approaches to diagnosis, imaging, management, and treatment of venous malformations.
本文讨论了目前的诊断、影像学、管理和治疗静脉畸形的方法。
静脉畸形属血管发育不良（Vascular Anomalies）范畴关于Vascular Anomalies Vocabulary 有很多  静脉畸形可以发生在人体任何部位，位置可深，可浅。位置若浅则呈现蓝色或紫色。质软，不易扪之边界，可以被压变形。随体位大小可有变化。此称为体位移动实验阳性。静脉畸形体积小，一般无自觉症状。如继续发展、长大时，可导致功能障碍。若发生感染，则可引起疼痛、肿胀、并有出血的危险。 A venous malformation (VM) is a place in the body where veins haven't grown the right way. Veins in a VM tend to be larger and more tangled than normal veins. A VM in the skin usually looks like a maroon, blue, or purple spot. Kids who have VMs are born with them.  从分类角度看静脉畸形
Classification
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