技术总论 宫缩乏力产后出血栓塞 宫缩乏力产后出血栓塞 胎盘滞留产后出血 凝血功能异常产后出血
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产后出血栓塞概论

时间:2017-01-10 22:42来源:未知 作者:Mr.Editor
栓塞技术(Embolisation: Technique) 双侧进入(bilateral access) 血管造影 (Flush angiography) 选择性血管造影(Selective angiography) (Internal iliac, Uterine artery) 栓塞剂(Embolics) 明胶海绵 (宫缩乏力)Gelfoam torpedos (atony) 弹簧栓
栓塞技术(Embolisation: Technique)
 
双侧进入( bilateral access)
 
  • 血管造影 (Flush angiography):血管造影的目的是了解和确定血管解剖,以及定位可能的造影剂外溢。将近50%的病例会出现造影剂外溢。bleeding rate > 0,5 ml/min,to be detected on angiography
  • 选择性血管造影(Selective angiography) (Internal iliac, Uterine artery)

造影剂外溢


• Arteries targeted  可能栓塞的血管包括(Embolization in the Treatment of PPH):
 
   – 髂内动脉前组(Anterior division of IIA)
 
      • 子宫动脉(Uterine)
      • 阴道动脉(Vaginal)
 
  – 卵巢动脉(Ovarian)
 
子宫动脉 子宫动脉

Embolization technique
  • bilateral or unilateral femoral access
  • 5 F vascular sheaths
  • 5 F catheters (Roberts, Cobra)
  • hydrophilic guidewire
  • coaxial catheters, microcatheters

uterine a. (UA)
vaginal a. (VA)
pudendal a. (IPA)


   


卵巢动脉

   





栓塞剂(Embolics)
 
  •  明胶海绵 (宫缩乏力)Gelfoam torpedos (atony)
 Gelatin sponge        
Advantages:
• absorbable
• quick to prepare
• readily available
• easy to manage
Disadvantages:
• tendencyto clog smaller lumen catheters
• difficult to use with microcatheters.



明胶海绵栓塞
  非栓塞工作位(working position) 迂曲子宫动脉远端有造影剂外溢
  造影剂外溢 明胶海绵飘到远端的子宫动脉栓塞


明胶海绵经验性栓塞
   
   
   


明胶海绵经验性栓塞
     

  •  弹簧栓子(创伤)Coils (trauma)  PPH: traumatic cause (laceration)
       


  •  微粒(胎盘滞留)Particles (placenta)      PPH: retained placental tissue >700μm
Diffuse  hypervascularisation
Particles
post  embolisation



  •  胶(凝血机制障碍)Glue (failing coagulation)

栓塞与否取决于发现出血的来源(Embolize whether source identified or not!),但大多数病例并不能看到活动性出血(in the majority of cases NO active bleeding is seen!)
明胶海绵是最好的栓塞剂 Gelfoam (torpedos or slurry) preferred embolic。明胶海绵栓塞更接近近端和临时阻塞,就像一个塞子。 Gelfoam for more proximal & temporary occlusion acting like a “plug”


Embolic material
  • gelatin sponge pledgets
  • polyvinyl alcohol particles
  • trisacrylgelatin micropheres
  • steel coils
  • n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue
  • onyx

导管(Catheter Types)

• Only one rule…..Whatever works
 
     – C 2: 4 or 5 Fr.
 
     – Regular or glide
 
     – Roberts / Lev / Sos


     
C2 / Waltman Loop / Roberts



子宫动脉栓塞使用共轴导管或不适用共轴导管(Co-axial or Not)
 
• 多种不同导管(Multiple different types)
• 共轴导管室<3.5Fr的微导管与5-6Fr普通导管共轴使用(Co-axial are micro catheters < 3.5 Fr that telescope into larger 5-6 Fr catheters)
• 共轴微导管不能使用直径超过900μm的微粒(Co-axial catheters cannot use larger particle sizes >900um)
• 共轴导管使用明胶海绵会阻塞导管(Co-axial catheters struggle with gelfoam)
• 理论上,微导管栓塞的效果较好(In theory get better embolization)

 
Micro Co-axial Catheters
   


产后大出血的表现

宫缩乏力的烟囱现象(„chimney  phenomenon“)

 
   

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