咳血治疗的管理应包括初步复苏和支持措施，如对心肺参数进行监测，纠正缺氧，稳定血压，必要时进行血液制品的输注。在大量咳血的情况下，临床医生最愿意在重症监护室进行早期气管插管管理[1]。经支气管滴注如冷盐水或肾上腺素输注的解决方案，或使用气球导管压迫，或已被报道是不可靠的和作用有限的[1，2] 。
直到20世纪70年代，一旦支气管镜检查确认出血的部位，手术被认为是治疗大咯血的首选。文献报告的手术后死亡率各不相同，在7.1和18.2％之间，但紧急手术的情况下死亡率提高到40％[13，14]。在急性发作出血时进行外科干预承载着手术出血，窒息，，呼吸衰竭和支气管胸膜腔瘘等高风险 [15]。此外，相当比例的大咯血患者的是不适合外科手术，主要由于先前存在的伴发病和较差的呼吸储备功能。但是，手术仍是某些大咯血病人的选择，如医源性肺动脉破裂，胸部外伤，对曲霉菌治疗方法耐受的患者[16,17]。
选择性支气管动脉栓塞术已成为复发性咯血和大咯血治疗的成熟的血管介入技术 [3，3~12,25]。该治疗的原理是阻断体循环血流到炎症导致脆弱的血管，降低灌注压力和再出血的可能性[18]。在1960年代，首先对提肺循环的关注，由非选择性胸主动脉造影发现了支气管动脉的显影[19，20]。 1964年，Viamonte首次报告选择性支气管动脉导管及造影 [21]。由于以后的10年中，因脊髓缺血的报告导致这项技术进展缓慢。这是由于不慎阻塞发自于支气管动脉和肋间动脉的脊髓动脉，使用大口径导管的时候和使用离子型造影剂可加剧此种情形的发生[23-24]。这些报告促进了动脉供应脊髓血管造影技术的改进和进一步的评估。Remy等人在1974年首先通过选择性支气管动脉栓塞成功治疗咯血病人。自那时以来，许多作者证明了这一方法治疗咯血病人的疗效和安全性[8-12，25，26-29]。由美国胸科医师学院（American College of Chest Physicians）的调查显示，多数胸科医师的青睐介入放射学处理支气管大咯血[1]。
支气管动脉栓塞（ Bronchial artery embolization ，BAE）作为可选择的治疗手段被认为是治疗大咯血和复发性咯血的最有效的非外科治疗。作为主要的治疗手段或外科手术前稳定病人情况扮演着重要的角色。所以对于内科保守治疗后复发的大咯血，一线治疗手段是支气管动脉栓塞术，以及之后的外科手术治疗或观察随访。
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