良性结直肠狭窄是临床颇具挑战性的并发症。
主要的病因包括结肠吻合口狭窄，克隆氏病，先天性狭窄等
结肠吻合口的良性狭窄相对常见，多数发生在结-直肠吻合术（coloproctostomy）和结-结肠吻合术[2~8]。大约占到手术后的22%[1]。尽管对肠道吻合口狭窄正常愈合已经有广泛的研究[9]，但吻合口狭窄的病理生理仍然是知之甚少。对狭窄的定义的难度部分在于所发现的肠道管腔狭窄程度虽然是一样的，但狭窄的部位不一样对肠道功能的影响可以是非常不同的。Jex[14]等人定义狭窄为：狭窄，扭曲或肿胀显著影响肠道内容物的通过。Fasth等人[5]的定义是12mm直径的乙状结肠镜不能通过直肠；Fegiz等人[13]，肠道直径减少2/3。
对比结肠缝合，对于吻合器的吻合口愈合仅略知皮毛，而吻合器导致的吻合口狭窄与手缝合导致的吻合口狭窄机理是否一样更不达地知根。动物实验表明吻合器粘膜愈合是由于瘢痕愈合[10]。还有动物实验显示缺血是导致吻合口狭窄的重要因素[11]。
吻合口狭窄可以在长度、腔内狭窄以及瘢痕形成的程度而有所不同。吻合器术后狭窄首先由Brain等人报告[12]，此病例狭窄为膜型，很容易进行扩张治疗。而其它类型的狭窄，如狭窄壁厚，硬和环形狭窄就不一定是扩张所能解决的问题，有时需要外科切除或/和近端造瘘。治疗的选择有时还和吻合类型，吻合部位，围手术期情况，诊断的时间，狭窄的症状有关。
良性结肠狭窄治疗的选择包括球囊扩张，支撑架，外科手术和经肛吻合器的吻合[15]。
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