以前曾经认为肾动脉瘤是非常罕见的,随着CT,MRI和超声的出现肾动脉瘤被偶然发现的病例越来越多,并不罕见。但与肾动脉瘤相关的症状却是不常见的。肾动脉瘤的临床表现和动脉瘤发生的位置和病因相关。
多数肾动脉瘤无症状,偶然腹部检查时被超声,CT/CTA,MRI/MRA或血管造影发现。来自无症状肾动脉瘤的并发症较低。一项研究显示,62例孤立性囊性,平均直径为1.5cm(0.3~4.0cm)无症状肾动脉瘤,平均随访5.7年(中位8年),没有破裂,也没有需要外科手术或发展新的症状[14]。另一项报告34例肾动脉瘤非手术治疗并连续血管造影随访,平均间隔35个月。肾动脉瘤没变化28例(82.4%),轻微变化6例(17.6%)。随访期间没有发现破裂的病例[15]。 症状性肾动脉瘤能够引起高血压,疼痛,血尿和肾梗塞。无症状肾动脉瘤似乎看起来是良性的过程,但潜在有破裂和随着体积增加导致血尿。 (1)高血压:高血压是肾动脉瘤最常见的症状。发生率到达90%。最常见伴有肾动脉狭窄的梭形动脉瘤,这种情况下的高血压主要是由于肾动脉狭窄肾素-血管紧张素系统激活,血管紧张素II增加导致液体潴留和血管收缩[16]。没有肾动脉狭窄的肾动脉瘤高血压的机制还不清楚。可能的原因是由于继发于肾动脉瘤远端血栓栓塞引起的肾缺血;较大肾动脉瘤可以引起肾动脉的解剖性扭折也有报告[17]。 (2)疼痛:症状性肾动脉瘤侧腹部或腹部疼痛占8~25%的病人[14,18,19]。动脉夹层引起的肾动脉瘤可以表现为疼痛,尽管多数自发性肾动脉夹层是无症状的。新发生的或疼痛加重表明动脉瘤快速增大或先兆破裂。 (3)血尿:血尿可能是夹层肾动脉瘤的表现。肾实质动脉瘤破裂到集合系统可以表现为血尿。集合系统的阻塞较为罕见,见于较大的肾动脉瘤。 (4)肾梗死:肾梗死可以通过CT扫描发现,多是由于来自囊性动脉瘤内的血栓脱落所导致的。 (5)肾动脉瘤破裂:肾动脉瘤的破裂较少发生。最典型的症状是腹部剧烈疼痛,并导致休克[20]。 (6)感染性动脉瘤:感染性动脉瘤由于病因导致变化不定的临床表现。早期根据临床表现诊断肾动脉瘤困难,临床表现明显的肾动脉瘤往往已经为晚期或伴有相关并发症或破裂。感染性肾动脉瘤不治疗预后较差,出血和败血症可导致较高的并发症和死亡率。感染性肾动脉瘤也可以引起高血压和血尿[1~3]。 肾实质动脉瘤( IRAAs) 有时被偶然发现,也有时表现为与并发症相关的泌尿系的症状和体征 [4~8]. 腹部或侧腰部疼痛主要继发于IRAA破裂的腹膜后出血或肾梗塞。血尿主要由于IPRAAs到集合系统的穿孔或栓塞性肾梗死以及大动脉瘤压迫肾盂肾盏充血[本文]。发现腹部包块或肋脊角触疼以及急性低血压表明可能IRAA破裂出现大的腹膜后血肿形成[9]。但实际上IPRAAs的发现多由于多普勒超声,MRA和CTA[10~13]。所有这些影像已经取代传统的血管造影,为IPRAAs的诊断和治疗计划的制定提供有用的信息。
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