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肾动脉瘤的病因

时间:2018-06-12 22:18来源:未知 作者:Mr.Editor
肾动脉瘤或/和肾实质动脉瘤通常继发于与肾血管网相关的疾病和损伤,包括 动脉硬化(arteriosclerosis) 纤维发育不良(fibrodysplasia) 畸形(malformations) 血管瘤病(hemangiomatosis) 结节性多动脉炎(polyarteritis nodosa) 反复经皮实质内导管治疗(

       肾动脉瘤存在很多的病因,影像学和受累动脉位置不同病因也不尽相同。


 

真性动脉瘤:通常和遗传因素相关,动脉瘤瘤壁包括动脉全层,可以使梭形或囊性表现,90%的病例为肾实质外动脉瘤【11】。

 

  • 纤维肌性发育不良(Fibromuscular dysplasia ,FMD):美国注册研究显示,FMD在肾动脉夹层21.6%,动脉瘤为32.9%(是FMD病人最常发生的位置)【18】
  • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome【12】
     

假性动脉瘤:动脉壁不包括动脉全层,通常是获得性的,多为囊性表现,或为肾实质内动脉瘤或实质外动脉瘤。
 

  •  顿性腹部外伤(Blunt abdominal trauma)
  •  吻合口动脉瘤(Anastomotic)
  •  血管内操作导致医源性动脉瘤Iatrogenic during endovascular procedures
  •  自发性(Spontaneous)【15】
  •  夹层动脉瘤(Dissection)
  •  霉菌性(Mycotic)【13】 :

    感染性肾动脉瘤: 并不常见。发生率依次为主动脉、周围血管、脑血管和内脏的动脉。葡萄球菌和链球菌最常见的病原菌,还有真菌感染。真菌性动脉瘤是由于微生物进入血循环导致血管壁坏死的结果,通常是细菌性心内膜炎【9】。确切的发病率不清楚,可能是细菌性心内膜炎病人的1~10%。而金黄色葡萄球菌或链球菌感染性动脉瘤在20~36%的病人【10】。

  •  川崎病(Kawasaki Disease)【14】
     

肾实质动脉瘤[16]:是发生在肾实质内的真性或假性动脉瘤。因为其处理主要依赖肾切除或瘤囊内填塞技术所以作为特殊的分类。
 

  • 结节性多动脉炎(Polyarteritis nodosa)【17】
  • 结核(Tuberculosis)
  • 神经纤维瘤病(Neurofibromatosis):出现类似结节性多动脉炎的血管、皮肤改变及影像学特点。
  • 节段性中膜溶解(Segmental arterial mediolysis ,SAM)【17】:一种主要累及胃肠道中等大血管的非炎症性疾病,可能是纤维肌性发育不良的变异。典型表现为动脉瘤破裂引起腹内或腹膜后出血。血管造影可见多处动脉扩张和动脉瘤,与结节性多动脉炎极为相似。病理显示动脉中层松解、中膜—外膜结合部分离,破裂的动脉瘤处极化血栓和反应性炎症容易误认为血管炎,但无血管壁炎细胞或纤维素样坏死。
  • 其它风湿性疾病(Wegener)【17】
     

有关肾动脉瘤病因的另一种描述

 

      肾动脉瘤或/和肾实质动脉瘤通常继发于与肾血管网相关的Ehlers-Danlos syndrome疾病和损伤,包括

         动脉硬化(arteriosclerosis)

         纤维肌性发育不良(Fibromuscular dysplasia ,FMD) 畸形(malformations)

         血管瘤病(hemangiomatosis)

         结节性多动脉炎(polyarteritis nodosa)

         反复经皮实质内导管治疗(recurrent percutaneous intraparenchymal catheterization)

         肾癌剜除术(enucleoresection for renal cell cancer)

         肾穿刺伤(renal stab wounds)

        经皮肾结石取出术(percuatenous procedures for kidney stone disease )


 56例切除肾动脉瘤的病理显示,FMD 26例、动脉硬化9例、非特异性纤维化21例【3】

 

• degenerative (arteriosclerotic) > 75%
• dyplastic vascular disease (FMD, SAM)
• Ehlers Danlos V Syndrom
• NF-1
• Hypereosinophilia
• Vasculitis
• HHT (Mb. Osler)
• Therapy withThyrosine-kinase Rec. inhibitors
Pitton et al.; Eur Radiol 2015

dyplastic vascular disease (FMD, SAM)


Etiology
degenerative 47% Aneurysm
Vasculitis 5%
tuberous sc. 2%
iatrogenic 19% Pseudo aneurysm
pancreatits 16%
trauma 12%
Ruhnke et al.; RÖFO 2017


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