无症状下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的发病率: 基于成年人群的不同的大样本研究表明,下肢动脉硬化闭塞症近年来的总体发病率呈上升趋势[1~3]。而对于无症状下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者的流行病学研究,普遍接受的方式是对人群采取无创的、经济的超声评估方式,其中踝肱指数(Ankle-Brachial Index,ABI)是最为广泛使用的外周动脉血流动力学的评估标准。静息状态下踝肱指数<0.90,表明下肢动脉狭窄有血流动力学意义。以此标准进行的研究表明,虽然下肢动脉硬化性疾病影响成千上万人,但有症状组和无症状组下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的患者人数比例约为1: 3至1: 4[3~5]。 有症状下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的发病率:间接性跋行通常是指活动后出现下肢力弱,疼痛以及疼性肌肉痉挛等,这些症状在停止步行后得到缓解(通常10~15分钟左右)。下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(Lower Extremity Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease, LEAOD)是常见病,是导致慢性下肢缺血的主要原因,其发病率随年龄而增加。Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease 的数据显示,40岁年龄组的发病率为3%,而60岁年龄组的发病率为6%[6]。Criqui统计65岁以上的男性约10%患有下肢动脉硬化闭塞症,而75岁以上则有20%的发病率[1];北美60岁以上的高血压病人中有近25%患有慢性下肢缺血。下肢动脉硬化闭塞症总的发病率在55岁以前,每年达到5‰, 而>55岁后,发病率可达4.5%。 最近(2010)的调查显示55岁以下的美国人,患下肢动脉硬化的几率在增加。 下肢动脉硬化性血管闭塞症的危险因素:周围动脉疾病的确切病因并不十分清楚,但许多危险因素与此病相关
就像冠状动脉危险因素一样,多种危险因素合并对于周围血管疾病的发生更危险。例如,男性吸烟者发生间歇性跛行是2.8/8年/1000人,男性吸烟者合并糖尿病,高血压和胆固醇升高的危险性增加至44.3/8年/1000人。相似的结论也发生在女性。因此,对于包括危险因素二级预防策略的修改和病人教育是非常重要的。 * 比值比,即OR值。OR值的全称是odds ratio、比值比,对于发病率很低的疾病来说,它是OR值即是相对危险度的精确估计值。OR值的意义:OR值等于1,表示该因素对疾病的发生不起作用;OR值大于1,表示该因素是危险因素;OR值小于1,表示该因素是保护因素。
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