| What is Charles Dotter’s nickname and what is he credited with achieving? A : Smart Charlie, brachial technique B : Crazy Charlie, first arterial angioplasty C : Clever Charlie, first coronary angiography
Answer B : Crazy Charlie, first arterial angioplasty
Charlie Dotter performed the first arterial dilatation in 1964 with stiff coaxial Teflon catheters. He became known as ¨Crazy Charlie¨ because little credit was given to his unconventional, innovative ideas.
 Who was Ake Senning and what was his role in the history of angioplasty? A : Interventional radiologist in Sweden, invention of the steerable system B : Cardiac Surgeon in Zurich, supportive of Andreas Grüntzig C : Cardiologist in Birmingham, intra-coronary thrombolysis in AMI
Answer B : Cardiac Surgeon in Zurich, supportive of Andreas Grüntzig
Ake Senning was a famous Swedish heart surgeon, head of cardiothoracic surgery at the University Hospital Zurich.,He helped Andreas Grüntzig perform his first angioplasties and provided surgical stand-by. He encouraged and defended Andreas Grüntzig’s project to percutaneously dilate coronary arteries and had promised him to operate « if something happened ».
 What was Geoffrey Hartzler’s biggest contribution in PTCA? A : First PTCA in Acute Myocardial Infarctions B : First stent in saphenous bypass grafts C : First kissing balloons for bifurcations
Answer A : First PTCA in Acute Myocardial Infarctions
Geoffrey Hartzler expanded the indications of balloon angioplasty. In 1980, he performed the world’s first PTCA for AMI and recommended PTCA as the treatment of choice in AMI.
 The monorail system was invented by? A : John Simpson B : Bernhard Meier C : Tassilo Bonzel
Answer C : Tassilo Bonzel
In 1986, Tassilo Bonzel invented the monorail system, where the guide wire was coaxial for only the last 10 cm of the balloon catheter. John Simpson invented the steerable system and Bernhard Meier performed the first kissing balloon for bifurcations.
 Live demonstration courses were invented by? A : Charles Dotter B : Geoffrey Hartzler C : Andreas Grüntzig
Answer C : Andreas Grüntzig
Andreas Grüntzig organized television transmissions during live demonstration courses, something which had never been done before. The idea was to perform angioplasty procedures while keeping contact with the audience, resolving difficulties one by one.
 The first coronary angiography was performed accidentally by? A : Melvin Judkins B : Sven Seldinger C : Mason Sones
Answer C : Mason Sones
Mason Sones accidentally performed the first coronary arteriography during an aortography. After this incident, he designed a braided catheter with a tapered tip and developed the brachial selective coronary arteriography technique.
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